Background
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH, G3PDH or GPDH) is one of the key enzymes involved in glycolysis; it catalyzes the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate. The GAPDH gene is constitutively and stably expressed at high levels in almost all tissues and cells, and as such is considered to be a “housekeeping” gene. Housekeeping proteins like GAPDH are useful as loading controls for western blots and protein normalization. They are also useful for visualizing cells in microscopy assays.

Antigen
Purified pig GAPDH enzyme.

Application Notes
On Western blots, GAPDH is detected as a band of approximately 36-40 kDa. GAPDH antibodies are widely used as loading controls for quantitative Western blotting, including normalizing Western blot results to GAPDH. Species reactivity: GAPDH is highly conserved across species, and antibodies to GAPDH typically have broad species reactivity. Clone 1D4 has been shown to react with human, cow, pig, mouse, rat, and chicken GAPDH. Since GAPDH is highly conserved across species, it is likely that the antibody reacts with additional species.

Genebank Info (Protein)
NP_002037

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Reference

Product Citations
1. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Has an Impact on Epigenetic Profile in Mouse Embryoid Body. Misa Iwatani, Kohta Ikegami, Yuliya Kremenska, Naka Hattori, Satoshi Tanaka, Shintaro Yagi, and Kunio Shiota. Stem Cells, 24: 2549-2556 (2006).  
2. Increased susceptibility to transcriptional changes with novel stressor in adrenal medulla of rats exposed to prolonged cold stress. Xiaoping Liua, Richard Kvetnanskyb, Lidia Serovaa, Anne Sollasa and Esther L. Sabbana. Molecular Brain Research, doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.07.019 On line publication. 
3. Allelic Variation in the Hepatitis C Virus NS4B Protein Dramatically Influences RNA Replication. K J. Blight, J. Virology., DOI:10.1128/JVI.02481-06 (2007). Imgenex antibodies cited: 1. GAPDH (IMG-5019A-1, IMG-5019A-2) [WB, Fig7, Fig8 (Huh-7.5 human hepatoma cell line)].
4. Membrane localization and pH-dependent transport of a newly cloned organic cation transporter (PMAT) in kidney cells. L Xia, K Engel M Zhou, and J Wang. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 292:682-690 (2007). Imgenex Products cited: 1. INSTA-Blot™ Human Tissue: ready-to-use WB (IMB-103); 2. GAPDH (IMG-5019A-1/IMG-5019A-2). [WB: Fig 2, human kidney tissue]
5. Cdc42-interacting protein-4 functionally links actin and microtubule networks at the cytolytic NK cell immunological synapse. Banerjee P., R. Pandey, R. Zheng, M. Suhoski, L. Monaco-Shawver, J. Orange. J. Exp. Med. 10.1084/jem.20061893 (2007). WB (Fig 8A): Protein standardization for siRNA studies
6. Cadiomyocyte apoptosis in autoimmune cardiomyopathy: mediated via endoplasmic reticulum stress and eggerated by norepinephrine. Mao W, S fukuoka, C Iwai, J Liu, VK Sharma, S-S Sheu, M Fu, and C-s Liang. Am J Heart Circ Physiol 293:H1636-H1645 (2007). Imgenex antibodies cited:
1. ATF6 (IMG-273): WB (Fig 7), analysis of ATF6 in nuclear fraction of rabbit left ventricle myocardium tissue lysates,  Authors describe cleaved forms of p90ATF6 in the nucleus: p60ATF6 and p36ATF6.
2. GAPDH (IMG-5019A): WB (Fig 4), GAPDH antibody used as a loading control in rabbit left ventricle myocardium tissue lysates.    
7. Metformin transport by a newly cloned proton-stimulated organic transporter (Plasma membrane monoamine transporter) expressed in human intestine.  Zhou M, L. Xia, J Wang Drug Metabolism and Disposition DOI:10.1124/dmd.107.01549 (2007).  Imgenex products cited for WB (human small intestine, Fig 6B): 
1. GAPDH (IMG-5019A-1, -2)
2. INSTA-BLOT containing human small intenstine tissue lysate (IMB-103, IMB-123)
8. Estrogen effects on Skeletal muscle inslulin-like growth factor-1 and myostatin in ovariectomized rats.  Zhou M, L Xia, J Wang. Experimental Biology and Medicine 232:1314-1325 (2007). WB (used as a gel loading control for rat muscle tissue lysates): Figs 6C, 7C, 8C
9. Emerging role for autophagy in the removal of aggresomes in Schwann Cells. Fortun J, W Dunn, S Joy, J Li, L Notterpek. J Neurosci 23: 10672-10680 (2003). WB: GAPDH used as a protein loading control (Mouse Schwann cell lysates), Fig. 3F.
10. Cathepsin B mRNA and protein expression following contusion spinal cord injury in rats. Ellis R, J Earnhardt, R Hayes, K Wang, D Anderson. J Nuerochem 88: 689-697 (2004). WB: GAPDH used as a protein loading control (rat spinal cord tissue), Fig. 3a,b,c.
11. The extensive nitration of neurofilament light chain in the hippocampus is associated with the cognitive impairment induced by amyloid Β in mice. Alkam T, A Nitta, H Mizoguchi, A Itoh, R Murai, T Nagai, K Yamada, T Nabeshima. JPET 327: 137-147 (2008). WB (mouse hippocampal lysates), Fig. 7A.
12. RNAi-mediated silencing of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 gene expression in non-small cell lung cancer inhibits tumor growth and increases efficacy of chemotherapy. Singh A, S Boldin-Adamsky, R Thimmulappa, S Rath, H Ashush, J Coulter, A Blackford, S Goodman, F Bunz, W Watson, E Gabrielson, E Feinstein, S Biswal. Cancer Research 68: 7975-7984 (2008). WB (human A549 and H460 cells), Fig. 1.
13. Transcriptional restriction of HIV-1 gene expression in undifferentiated primary monocytes.  Dong C, C Kwas, L Wu. Journal of Virology doi:1128/JVI.02665-08 (2009). WB (human monocytes), Figs. 5A,C; 7A.
14. A gogli-associated protein 4.1B variant is required for assimilation of proteins in the membrane.  Kang Q, T Wang, H Zhang, N Mohandas, X An. Journal of Cell Science 122: 1091-1098 (2009). IP (human bronchial epithelial cells), Fig. 7A