Background
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family in mammal comprises a family of transmembrane proteins characterized by multiple copies of leucine rich repeats in the extracellular domain and IL-1 receptor motif in the cytoplasmic domain. Like its counterparts in Drosophila, TLRs signal through adaptor molecules and could constitute an important and unrecognized component of innate immunity in humans. The TLR family is a phylogenetically conserved mediator of innate immunity that is essential for microbial recognition. TLRs characterized so far activate the MyD88/interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) signaling pathway. Thirteen homologs of TLRs (TLR1-13) have been described. Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) expression is upregulated following exposure to bacteria or to the TLR5 agonist, flagellin. Gram-negative bacteria, stimulate monocyte/macrophage cells in a TLR5-specific, CD14-independent manner. The TLR5 receptor thus appears to be the principal means by which the innate immune system recognizes flagellated bacterial pathogens. 

Antigen
This antibody was developed against KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide corresponding to a portion of human TLR5 between amino acids 700-800. The antibody also reacts with mouse TLR5.

Application Notes
This antibody recognizes an intracellular epitope in the cytoplasmic domain of TLR5.

Genebank Info (Protein)
NP_003259

Related Products
1. IMG-410A [Polyclonal Antibody to TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2)/CD282]
2. IMG-321A [Monoclonal Antibody to human TLR8 (Toll-like receptor 8)/CD288]
3. IMG-319 [Monoclonal Antibody to TLR2 (CD282)]
4. IMG-431 [Polyclonal Antibody to TLR9/CD289 ]
5. IMG-526 [Polyclonal Antibody to TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2)/CD282]

Reference
1. Muzio M, Natoli G, Saccani S, Levrero M, and Mantovani A.J. Exp. Med. 187: 2097-2101 (1998).
2. Medzhitov R and Janeway CA. Cell 91: 295-298 (1997).
3. Chuang TH and Ulevitch RJ. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1518 (1-2): 157-161 (2001).

Product Citations
1. TGF-a Regulates TLR Expression and Function on Epidermal Keratinocytes. Miller LS, OE Sørensen, PT Liu, HR Jalian, D Eshtiaghpour, BE Behmanesh, W Chung, TD Starner, J Kim,, PA. Sieling, T Ganz and RL Modlin. J. Immunol, 174: 6137-6143 (2005). (IHC-frozen)  Imgenex antibodies cited: 1. TLR5 (IMG-664) [IHC-frozen, Fig 1 (normal human skin and psoriasis, primary human organotypic keratinocyte culture)].  2. TLR9 (IMG-305A) [IHC-frozen, Fig 1 (normal human skin and psoriasis, primary human organotypic keratinocyte culture)].   
2. Human CD4+ T Cells Express TLR5 and Its Ligand Flagellin Enhances the Suppressive Capacity and Expression of FOXP3 in CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells. Crellin NK, RV Garcia, O Hadisfar, SE Allan, TS Steiner, and MK Levings. J. Immunol., 175: 8051-8059 (2005). Imgenex antibodies cited: 1. TLR5-FITC (IMG-663C) [Flow-intracellular, Figs 3B and 3D (primary human CD4+ T cells, primary human CD14+ monocytes, primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells)]; 2, TLR5 (IMG-664) [WB, Fig 5 (primary human CD4+ T cells)] The specificity of the IMG-664 antibody was confirmed by WB with 293T cells transfected with a TLR5 expression vector, documented in the Materials and Methods section)
3. Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Activation of Eosinophils.  Wong CK, PFY Cheung, WK IP and CWK Lam. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.doi:10.1165/rcmb.2006-0457OC (2007), in press.   Imgenex antibodies cited (human blood eosinophils and neutrophils from buffy coat): For WB, Fig. 1A: TLR1 (IMG-5012),  TLR5 (IMG-664), TLR6 (IMG-304A), TLR7 (IMG-540), TLR8 (IMG-321A), TLR9 (IMG-305A). For Flow (Intracellular) and Flow (Surface), Fig. 1B: TLR1 (IMG-5021), TLR2 (IMG-416C), TLR3 (IMG-315C), TLR4 (IMG-417C), TLR5 (IMG-663C), TLR6 (IMG-304C), TLR7 (IMG-665A), TLR8 (IMG-321C), TLR9 (IMG-305C).
4. Stimulation by TLR5 modulates osteoclast differentiation through STAT1/IFN-Β1. Ha H, J Lee, N Kim, H Kwak, H Kim, S Lee, J Rhee, H Kim, Z Hee Lee.  J Immunol 180: 1382-1389 (2008). WB (mouse osteoclasts and bone marrow cells), Fig. 1A.
5. Inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis by TLR agonists in whole blood: involvement of the phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt and NF-kB signaling pathways, leading to increased levels of Mcl-1, A1, and phosphorylated bad.  François S, J El Benna, M Pham . C Dang, E Pedruzzi, M Gougerot-Pocidalo, C Elbim. J. Immunol 174: 3633-3642 (2005). Imgenex antibodies cited [WB (human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)), Fig. 5]:
1. TLR2 (IMG-319)
2. TLR3 (IMG-315)
3. TLR5 (IMG-664)
4. TLR7(IMG-581A)
6. The myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is required for CD⁺ T cell effector function in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease. Fukata M, Breglio K, A Chen, A Vamadevan, T Goo, D Hsu, D Conduah, R Xu, M Abreu. J Immunol 180: 1382-1389 (2008). Flow (Cell Surface) + Flow (Intracellular) [mouse splenic CD4⁺CD45Rb^high T cells, RAW 264.7 cells], Fig. 1.
7.